Jordans Farm Partnership Oat harvest
© Matthew Roberts

Farmland

Farmland can conjure up rural images of brown hares zig-zagging across fields, chattering flocks of finches and yellowhammers singing from thick, bushy hedges and field margins studded with wildflowers.

Millenia of farming

Humans have been farming in the UK for at least 6,500 years. Traditionally grazed habitats, such as heathland and grassland, may have already existed in forest clearings, exposed hill tops and coastal headlands. Others, such as arable fields, hedgerows and orchards, were created by people. Farmed land may not be as ‘natural’ as ancient woodland, but its importance for wildlife should not be understated.

Over the millennia, wildlife has moved into farmland to make the most of the habitat it offered. An abundance of seed from crops suited birds like finches and buntings, while the regular disturbance of the soil helped plants make the most of open conditions. Hedgerows replicated habitat on the edge of woodland, providing a combination of shelter, warmth and flowering plants. Old trees in orchards suited lichens and insects. Wildlife adapted and became reliant on the way we used the land.

Farmland covers around 70% of the UK. Our wildlife cannot survive in the remaining 30% alone.

Yet rapid changes in consumer tastes, growing urban populations and a dramatic decline in traditional farming methods in the mid-20th century have had a devastating impact on the wildlife that depends on farmland. According to the State of Nature report, 60% of farmland species are now in decline. Dependence on chemicals, a switch to winter wheat (meaning no seed-rich stubble is left overwinter), the destruction of hedgerows and the loss of untidy field corners and ponds, have degraded or destroyed the homes of a huge range of animals.

These changes have also impacted on the wider landscape. Once spaces were connected by hedges and patches of woodland and grassland, but with many of these gone wild spaces like nature reserves have become isolated. This has put more pressure on species that can no longer move freely across the landscape to feed and breed.

Hope in a bleak landscape

The picture is admittedly challenging. Huge expanses of modern farmland are drenched in chemicals and fertilizers that get into waterways and the surrounding land. But there are alternatives. Many farmers care about wildlife and run farms with wildlife conservation in mind (often supported by agri-environment payments). We need to support farmers that do this.

Community-supported agriculture (where consumers are closely linked to a farm and their food) has also emerged as a way of reconnecting people with the land. Some farms are managed to show how agriculture and wildlife can still co-exist happily. For example, on Lower Smite Farm, Worcestershire Wildlife Trust uses sensitive farming techniques. This includes growing a wide range of crop types, which provides wildlife with food and habitat throughout the year.

On such farms, new hedgerows have been planted and old ones brought back to life. The use of chemicals has been eliminated or reduced, and conservation headlands or margins are left in fields for the benefit of plants, farmland birds, beetles and other insects. Farmland covers around 70% of the UK. Our wildlife cannot survive in the remaining 30% alone. Wildlife-friendly farming needs to become mainstream.

How you can help

Across the UK, The Wildlife Trusts are working with landowners to ensure that farmland is managed in the best way for wildlife, while still providing a living to those who work the land. Many Wildlife Trusts provide guidance for farmers and landowners on wildlife-friendly measures and the supporting schemes offered by governments and assemblies.

Many Wildlife Trusts also own or manage areas of farmland themselves. This benefits the livestock which is needed to manage other habitats and helps local wildlife. You can help support this work by joining the Wildlife Trust where you live.

Be curious about your food. If you live in the countryside or visit farmers' markets, talk to farmers about what they do for wildlife. If you like what you hear, support them by buying their produce and telling others. If you want to get stuck in yourself, join community supported agricultural schemes. You can also become involved in your local community orchard. Add your voice to those calling for sustainable agriculture.

We’ve put together this toolkit so that you can find out more and use your voice to help you convince your MP that the future of farming must be nature friendly.

Sign up to be a nature-friendly farming champion

Learn more about helping develop nature-friendly farming practices.

Learn more.

Species near farmland

Great spotted woodpecker

Great spotted woodpecker

The 'drumming' of a great spotted woodpecker is a familiar sound of our woodlands, parks and gardens. It is a form of communication and is mostly used to mark territories and to display in spring.

Noble chafer

The Noble chafer is a rare and beautiful metallic-green beetle that can be found in traditional orchards. It is on the wing over summer, feeding on umbellifers. The larvae live in the decaying wood of old trees.

Little owl
Luke Massey

Little owl

Introduced into the UK in the 19th century, the diminutive little owl can now be seen along hedgerows, on farmland and in parkland across England and Wales. It often perches on a pole or rock, looking out for its unsuspecting prey.

Common shrew

The diminutive common shrew has a distinctively pointy nose and tiny eyes. It lives life in the fast lane, eating every 2-3 hours to survive, and only living for a year or so. Look out for it in the garden.

Common pipistrelle

The common pipistrelle is so small, it can fit into a matchbox! Despite its size, it can easily eat 3,000 insects a night: look for it flitting around the garden or a lit lamp post as it chases its prey.

Stoat

The stoat is a small mustelid, related to the weasel and otter. It has an orange body, black-tipped tail and distinctive bounding gait. Spot it on grassland, heaths and in woodlands across the UK.

Herald

This unmistakable moth spends the winter as an adult, tucked away in a sheltered spot like a cave or outbuilding.

Cucumber spider

There are several species of cucumber spider, recognised by their bright green abdomen.

December moth

This fluffy moth is one of the few species that fly in winter.

Nightingale
©Chris Gomersall/2020VISION

Nightingale

The melodious song of the nightingale is the most likely sign of this bird being about. Shy and secretive, it sings from dense scrub and woodland, day and night.

Devil's Coach Horse
Russ Cribb

Devil's coach horse

A ferocious and fast predator, the Devil's coach horse beetle hunts invertebrates after dark in gardens and on grasslands. It is well-known for curling up its abdomen like the tail of a scorpion when defending itself.

Vapourer

The mohawk-sporting caterpillar of this moth is often seen on shrubs and trees in late summer. As adults the orange-brown males fly by day, but the flightless females don't stray far from their cocoon.

Chimney sweeper

This sooty-black, day-flying moth is active on sunny days, rarely settling in one place for long.

Field elm

Field elm suffered declines due to the devastating effects of Dutch elm disease, but can still be found across much of the UK.

Hairy shieldbug

This large shieldbug lives up to its name, bristling with long pale hairs. It's a common sight in parks, hedgerows and woodland edges in much of the UK.

Puss moth

The puss moth is a large and fluffy moth, with a very strange looking caterpillar.

Goldfinch on a branch showing its striking gold and red colouration
© Neil Aldridge

Goldfinch

The striking red crown, golden back, and bright yellow wings of the goldfinch make it one of our prettiest garden birds. It happily visits birdtables and feeders across the UK.

Oak eggar

These moths can be seen flying on sunny days, but you're more likely to spot the fuzzy caterpillars crawling over paths.

Pale tussock

This large, fluffy-legged moth is often attracted to lights in May and June.

Common frog
© Guy Edwardes

Common frog

Our most well-known amphibian, the common frog is a regular visitor to garden ponds across the country, where they feast on slugs and snails. In winter, they hibernate in pond mud or under log piles.

Brown-tail

The caterpillars of this fluffy white moth are best admired from a distance, as their hairs can irritate the skin.

Turtle doves
©Luke Massey

Turtle dove

The turtle dove is the UK's fastest declining bird species and is on the brink of extinction. A small and pretty pigeon, it breeds in lowland England and winters in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Yellow-tail

This snowy white moth is easily mistaken for the similar brown-tail, until it lifts its abdomen to reveal a burst of golden-yellow.

Common dumble dor dung beetle
© Vaughn Matthews

Dung beetle

Dung beetles are an often overlooked but hugely important ecosystem engineer. Learn more about them and why we need them in our landscape.

Glow worm larva
Jim Higham

Glow-worm

The glow-worm is not actually a worm, but a beetle. Males look like typical beetles, but the nightly glow of a female is unmistakeable - lighting up to attract a mate in the darkness of their grassland habitats. Look for the adults in summer.

A honey buzzard in mid-flight.
Stefan Johansson

Honey buzzard

Rare summer visitors, honey buzzards breed in open woodland where they feed on the nests and larvae of bees and wasps.

Common quail
Margaret Holland

Quail

This tiny gamebird is rarely seen, but its distinctive "wet my lips" call can be heard ringing out over areas of farmland on summer evenings.

Roe Deer
Jon Hawkins

Roe deer

The attractive roe deer is native to the UK and widespread across woodland, farmland, grassland and heathland habitats. Look for its distinctive pale rump and short antlers.

Sand lizard
Steve Davis

Sand lizard

The sand lizard is extremely rare due to the loss of its sandy heath and dune habitats. Reintroduction programmes have helped establish new populations.

Wood mouse

The tiny, brown wood mouse is one of our most common rodents and is very likely to be found in the garden. It is similar to the house mouse, but has larger ears and eyes relative to its size.

Buzzard soaring through the sky
Christopher Dean

Buzzard

Listen out for the cat-like, 'kee-yaa' calls of the buzzard as it soars high over farmland and woodland. Once suffering from severe persecution and pesticide poisoning, it has made a stunning comeback to most of the UK.

Rabbit kit
© Jon Hawkins

Rabbit

Who doesn’t love spotting rabbits hopping through long grass during a walk in the countryside? They are a common sight but it is always a treat to see their curious faces popping up, ears stood tall on the look out for predators.

Little owl
Luke Massey

Little owl

Introduced into the UK in the 19th century, the diminutive little owl can now be seen along hedgerows, on farmland and in parkland across England and Wales. It often perches on a pole or rock, looking out for its unsuspecting prey.

Red kite in flight
©David Tipling/2020VISION

Red kite

Seeing a red kite soaring high in the sky is a true delight! Once a very rare bird, thanks to successful reintroduction projects these wonderful birds can now be seen in lots of places in the UK.

Great spotted woodpecker

Great spotted woodpecker

The 'drumming' of a great spotted woodpecker is a familiar sound of our woodlands, parks and gardens. It is a form of communication and is mostly used to mark territories and to display in spring.

A kestrel hovering above a grassland. It's a fairly small bird of prey, with brown wings and a creamy body with dark streaks down the breast.
Steve Waterhouse

Kestrel

The kestrel is a familiar sight hovering over the side of the road, looking out for its favourite food: small mammals like field voles. It prefers open habitats like grassland, farmland and heathland, but can be seen in towns and villages.

©Philip Precey

Fat hen

Fat hen is a persistent 'weed' of fields and gardens, verges and hedgerows. But, like many of our weed species, it is a good food source for birds and insects.

Peregrine_Falcon
Neil Aldridge

Peregrine falcon

Like many of our birds of prey, the peregrine falcon was so persecuted, numbers fell dramatically. Thankfully, this super-speedy flyer is now making a comeback, particularly in our towns, where it nests on tall buildings.

©Bas Kers

Sea beet

Sometimes called 'Wild spinach', Sea beet can be cooked and eaten. It grows wild on shingle beaches, cliffs and bare ground near to the sea, as well as in saltmarshes.

Turtle doves
©Luke Massey

Turtle dove

The turtle dove is the UK's fastest declining bird species and is on the brink of extinction. A small and pretty pigeon, it breeds in lowland England and winters in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Nightingale
©Chris Gomersall/2020VISION

Nightingale

The melodious song of the nightingale is the most likely sign of this bird being about. Shy and secretive, it sings from dense scrub and woodland, day and night.

Red fox

Famed for their cunning and stealth, these orangey-red dogs with their bushy tails can be seen in towns and the countryside. They come out mostly at night but can also be seen during the day if you’re lucky!

©Philip Precey

Fat hen

Fat hen is a persistent 'weed' of fields and gardens, verges and hedgerows. But, like many of our weed species, it is a good food source for birds and insects.

Peregrine_Falcon
Neil Aldridge

Peregrine falcon

Like many of our birds of prey, the peregrine falcon was so persecuted, numbers fell dramatically. Thankfully, this super-speedy flyer is now making a comeback, particularly in our towns, where it nests on tall buildings.

©Bas Kers

Sea beet

Sometimes called 'Wild spinach', Sea beet can be cooked and eaten. It grows wild on shingle beaches, cliffs and bare ground near to the sea, as well as in saltmarshes.

Great spotted woodpecker

Great spotted woodpecker

The 'drumming' of a great spotted woodpecker is a familiar sound of our woodlands, parks and gardens. It is a form of communication and is mostly used to mark territories and to display in spring.

Common glasswort by Catherine Watson

Common glasswort

Sometimes called 'Marsh samphire', wild common glasswort is often gathered and eaten. It grows on saltmarshes and beaches, sometimes forming big, green, fleshy carpets.

©Bas Kers

Sea beet

Sometimes called 'Wild spinach', Sea beet can be cooked and eaten. It grows wild on shingle beaches, cliffs and bare ground near to the sea, as well as in saltmarshes.

cockchafer climbing up a plant stalk
© Nick Upton

Common cockchafer

This large, brown beetle can be seen swarming around streetlights in spring. They live underground as larvae for years and emerge as adults often in large numbers. Listen for their characteristic buzzing sound.

Smooth newt
©Philip Precey

Smooth newt

You are likely to spot the smooth newt in your garden or local pond. It breeds in water in summer and spends the rest of the year in grassland and woodland, hibernating over winter.

Goldfinch on a branch showing its striking gold and red colouration
© Neil Aldridge

Goldfinch

The striking red crown, golden back, and bright yellow wings of the goldfinch make it one of our prettiest garden birds. It happily visits birdtables and feeders across the UK.

Little owl
Luke Massey

Little owl

Introduced into the UK in the 19th century, the diminutive little owl can now be seen along hedgerows, on farmland and in parkland across England and Wales. It often perches on a pole or rock, looking out for its unsuspecting prey.

Pygmy shrew

The diminutive pygmy shrew has a distinctively pointy nose and tiny eyes. It lives life in the fast lane, eating every 2-3 hours to survive, and only living for a year or so. Look out for it in the garden.

Roe Deer
Jon Hawkins

Roe deer

The attractive roe deer is native to the UK and widespread across woodland, farmland, grassland and heathland habitats. Look for its distinctive pale rump and short antlers.

Roe Deer
Jon Hawkins

Roe deer

The attractive roe deer is native to the UK and widespread across woodland, farmland, grassland and heathland habitats. Look for its distinctive pale rump and short antlers.

Zebra Spider
Jon Hawkins

Zebra spider

As its name suggests, the zebra spider has the familiar black-and-white stripes of a zebra, making it very distinctive. It can be found stalking its prey on rocks, trees and walls, particularly in gardens.

Reserves with farmland habitats in Kent

Blean Woods showing lots of thin trees and bracken as the sun shines through
Ray Lewis

South Blean

Ancient Woodland with large areas undergoing restoration from more modern commercial forestry.

Parsonage Wood

This remote and tranquil reserve comprises woodland, nesting within an area of pasture and orchard.

Holborough Marshes

Lying along the edge of the river Medway, this patchwork of wet fields and scrub is criss-crossed by ditches and home to many rare and unusual plants and animals.

Cutland Pits

Culand Pits

The Culand Pits are a dramatic reminder of the role the cement industry played in shaping the landscape in the Medway Valley. The site is owned by Trenport Investments Ltd who fund the management.

Nemo-Down-konik-ponies-grazing-with-magpie-on-back
Barry Cook

Nemo Down

Located next to an industrial estate on the outskirts of Dover, it is hard to believe a nature reserve is there when driving through the estate.

Quilters Wood grassland with fence

Quilters Wood

Quilters Wood Reserve is an area of ancient semi natural woodland and chalk grassland situated near Bridge, Canterbury.

Types of Farmland in Kent

Farmland hedgerow

Arable land

Habitat

Most arable fields are large, featureless monocultures devoid of wildlife, but here and there are smaller fields and tucked away corners that are farmed less intensively, or are managed specifically with wildlife in mind.

Orchard

Orchard

Habitat

A visit to a traditional orchard reveals gnarled old trunks of fruit and nut trees bursting with blossoms and young leaves in springtime, with wildflowers and insects populating summer’s long grass, and foraging wildlife attracted by autumn’s fallen…

Hedgerows
Jon Hawkins - Surrey Hills Photography

Hedgerow

Habitat

Hedgerows are one of our most easily encountered wildlife habitats, found lining roads, railways and footpaths, bordering fields and gardens and on the coast.

Read blogs about farmland habitats

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